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Proto-Indo-Aryan metalwork wealth acccounting Indus Script hypertexts of Sarasvati Civilization, link Hasanlu gold bowl, Mitanni Aryan narratives
Srini Kalyanaraman
Many Indus Script hypertexts embellish many artefacts of Ancient Near East. This submission is a tribute to Henri P Frankfort who provides a vivid art history account linking Hasanlu bowl narratives to many other artefacts ot the Bronze Age. this monograph demonstrates that many of the artefacts of the Bronze Age are Indus Script hypertexts documenting metalwork wealth accounting. Water flows down from the muzzles of a bulls (zebu) of a chariot on the Hasanlu bowl. This imagery compares with the water flowing out of themuzzle of Khafajeh vase. Hasanlu bowl narrative compared with Khafajeh vase narrative: water flows down the muzzles of zebu (bos indicus). I submit that this is an Indus Script hypertext.kāṇḍam காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi) (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) The hieroglyph clearly refers to the metal tools, pots and pans of copper. Thus, together, the hypertext signifies: लोखंड [lōkhāṇḍā ] 'metalwork' PLUS pōḷā पोळ 'zebu' rebus: pōḷā पोळ ‘magnetite, ferrite ore’ The cobra-hoods on Khafajeh vase signify: (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild'. PLUS kola 'woman' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith', kolhe 'smelter. Carved decoration of the Khafajeh vase. British Museum, London. After Aruz 2003, fig. 85. The narrative on Khafaje bowl shows flows from heaven, provided by Zebu feminite divinity, riding lions, a hero fights the snakes and felines to release the waters. Four hypertexts taken from Henri P Francfort opcit. 1. Reverse of a gold compartmented stamp seal fromBactria representing the great Oxus Civilization goddess,winged, with lions. After Ligabue and Salvatori 1989, figs.58–59, p. 202 2. Reverse of a silver compartmented stamp seal fromBactria representing the great Oxus Civilization goddess, sit-ting on a dragon, with goats protruding from her arms. Paris,Musée du Louvre. Photo H.-P. Francfort. 3. Reverse of a silver compartmented stamp seal fromGonur Depe necropolis, Margiana, representing the greatOxus Civilization goddess, who is winged and seated on adragon. After Sarianidi 2002, fig. p. 261. 4. Reverse of a bronze compartmented stamp seal fromBactria representing the great Oxus Civilization goddess, sit-ting on a dragon and drinking from a conical vase. Paris, Mu-sée du Louvre. After Amiet 1986, cover Indus Script hypertexts: kola 'tiger' kola, 'woman' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith', kolhe 'smelter. dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. dhāˊtu *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.) S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773 ) Rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal,' Impression of a cylinder seal from the Gonur Depe ne-cropolis, burial n°23, Margiana, that depicts a goddess with protruding horns, who is seated above a snake and flanked bygoats above canids (?), with a tulip flower in the field. After Sarianidi 2007, fig. 180, p. 105. miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Munda.Ho.) (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild'. After Fig. 8 in Henri P Franfort opcit. Gilt Bactrian stamp seal from the Ligabue collectionthat depicts a lion-dragon with a scorpion tail and “begetting”snakes. After Ligabue and Salvatori 1989, fig. 60, p. 203 arye 'lion' rebus: āra 'brass' Tail like a scorpion sting: bica 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'. (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild'. After Fig. 9 in Henri P Franfort opcit.. Bactrian stamp seal depicting an anthropomorphic dragon with hairy, horned face, wings at its shoulders, torsoen face and arms ending as snakes, a snake at its waist, and in kneeling position. After Sarianidi 2007, fig. 10, p. 177 khamba 'shoulder, wing' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild'. Reverse of a Bactrian seal depicting the bust of a man emerging out of mountains, with snakes on his arms and wings (flames?) on his shoulders, and a small bird in the field.Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Photo courtesy of theLos Angeles County Museum of Art. डांग [ ḍāṅga ] m n ( H Peak or summit of a hill.) (Marathi).ṭākuro = hill top (N.); ṭāngī = hill, stony country (Or.); ṭān:gara = rocky hilly land (Or.); ḍān:gā = hill, dry upland (B.); ḍā~g = mountain-ridge (H.)(CDIAL 5476). Rebus: ḍhaṅgar 'blacksmith' (H.) khamba 'shoulder, wing' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild'. dhāˊtu *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.) S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773 ) Rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal,' Silver goblet from Bactria representing a procession of men. Musée duLouvre, Paris. Drawing: Hélène David. pōḷā पोळ 'zebu' rebus: pōḷā पोळ ‘magnetite, ferrite ore’ Cast axe-head; tin bronze inlaid with silver; shows a boar attacking a tiger which is attacking an ibex.ca. 2500 -2000 BCE Cast axe-head; tin bronze inlaid with silver; shows a boar attacking a tiger which is attacking an ibex.ca. 2500 -2000 BCE Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex. Length: 17.8 cm (7 in). Weight: 675.5 g (23.82 oz). British Museum.ME 123268 (1913,0314.11913,0314.1) R. Maxwell-Hyslop, 'British Museum “axe” no. 123628: a Bactrian bronze', Bulletin of the Asia Institute, NS I (1987), pp. 17-26 badhi 'boar' rebus: badhi 'carpenter, worke in iron' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith', kolhe 'smelter. meḍho 'ram' rebus: meḍho 'merchant' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Munda.Ho.)
Ancient metallurgy culminating in Indian ukku (wootz) steel and documented in Indus Script Corpora by Bhāratam Janam
Srini Kalyanaraman
Ancient artisans of the Bronze Age have bequeathed an extraordinary heritage wrought by a veritable revolution in metallurgy. Bhāratam Janam and their kindred aatman -- the artisans of Dong Son, Vietnam have also made their noteworthy contributions. The most significant contribution, in my view, is the documentation of the metalwork in Indus Script Corpora, apart from innovations in cire perdue (lost-wax) metalcasting technologies, creation of new alloys such as bronze, brass and pewter, identification of tin as alloying mineral to create tin-bronzes, crucible processes to create hard alloys and the wondrous musical Dong Son Bronze drums as the seafaring merchants spread their wares on the Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi to Haifa. The pinnacle of achievement is signified by the iron pillars of Dhar, Mount Abu, Udayagiri (now in Delhi Qutb Minar premises), and Kodachadri. All these iron pillars are examples of dhwaja skambha-s presented by artisans to temples to venerate the divine, sacred principle, the guidepost of lives: dharma-dhamma. They are not artefacts engineered to pronounce their glorious achievements but to praise and celebrate the glory of that divine, sacred principle. Such was the dedication, l'acte gratuite of Bhāratam Janam. A lamp held on the left palm of the dancing girl bronze statue displaying a dance-step. The statue is 10.5 cm. high from Mohenjo-daro. Now in National Museum. Delhi. Note: The lamp is an enlargement of about 1 cm. square on the original statue :)-- Given the extremely small size of the artefact, there could be variant opinions on what the object represents. Maybe, I am wrong, but I see it as an earthen lamp, a diya (deepam) with a wick which can be lighted and also 'seen', 'read' -- orthographically recognized -- to signify an Indus Script hieroglyph: 'wick' : várti1 (and vartí -- ) f. ʻ wick ʼ MBh., ʻ small compress ʼ Suśr., ʻ lamp ʼ lex., °ikā -- f. ʻ wick ʼ KālP. [√vr̥t1] Pa. vaṭṭi -- , °ikā -- f. ʻ wick ʼ, Pk. vaṭṭĭ̄ -- , °ṭiā -- , vatti -- f.; Sh. batīˊ ʻ unlit native lamp, candle, wick of European lamp ʼ (← H.?); S. vaṭi f. ʻ wick ʼ; L. vaṭṭ f. ʻ roll of grass, wick ʼ, awāṇ. vaṭ ʻ wick ʼ, P. vaṭṭī, ba°, battī f.; N. bāti ʻ lamp ʼ (bati ← H.), A. bāti; B. bāti ʻ wick, lamp, candle ʼ; Or. bati ʻ lamp ʼ (← H.), Bi. Mth. Bhoj. bātī; OAw. bātĭ̄ ʻ wick ʼ, H. bātī, battī f. (→ N. Or. and prob. Sh.); G. vāṭ f. ʻ lamp ʼ, vātī f. ʻ perfumed match or taper ʼ; M. vāt f. ʻ wick ʼ, Ko. vāti; Si. väṭ -- a ʻ lamp ʼ, väṭi -- ya ʻ wick ʼ; Md. vo' ʻ lamp ʼ; -- with -- o as from an orig. masculine: Ku.bāto m. ʻ wick, lamp ʼ; N. bāto ʻ rope of twisted cane (to tie down thatch) ʼ.dīpavarti -- , *pādavarti -- , *saṁdhyāvartikā -- .Addenda: várti -- 1: S.kcch. batī, bhatī f. ʻ lamp, torch ʼ ← H.; WPah.kṭg. batti, kc. baṭe f. ʻ wick, lamp, light ʼ, J. bāṭī f.(CDIAL 11359) Rebus: bhaṭĭ̄ 'furnace,smelter'. This reading is consistent with the other hieroglyphs signified on the statue: for example, 'wristlets, bracelets', 'hair-knot' -- all related in rebus renderings in Meluhha to metalwork. Her nakedness is also relatable to metalwork, signified by kuThi 'pudendum muliebre' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. See decipherment at http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/09/indus-script-hieroglyph-multiplexes-of.html This Indus Script Corpora documentation of ca. 2500 BCE takes us to another artefact, a sword presented to Alexander on the banks of River Vitasta (Jhelum) ca. 327 BCE. This lamp on this bronze statue of ca. 2500 BCE leads us to an event of ca. 327 BCE when Alexander received the gift of a sword from Purushottama on the banks of River Vitasta (Jhelum). It is no ordinary sword. It is a steel sword make of ukku in southern Bhāratam. The ukku steel was called wootz and attained fame as Damascus sword as the word of the marvels of metallurgical skills of Bhāratam Janam spread far and wide into Eurasia. An event is recorded in a painting celebrating Bronze Age history; the event is the gift of an ukku sword by Purushottama to Alexander after Alexander's army had mutinied and Alexander had decided to retreat from the failed mission on the banks of Vitasta (Jhelum) river. This celebration is a high-water-mark of the revolution which preceded the event: the revolution of the Bronze Age when artisans had created new alloys and new methods of metalcasting such as cire perdue lost-wax casting to create exquisite metal implements and artefacts like the dancing girl of Mohenjo-daro carrying a lamp in her palm. Indus Script Corpora documented by Bhāratam Janam is an extraordinary catalogus catalogorum of metalwork in an extensive area spanning the Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi to Haifa. Indus Script hieroglyphs also signify metalwork on cylinder seals of Ancient Near East, in particular from Assur to Kultepe and on cire perdue artefacts of Dong Son Bronze Drums and Nahal Mishmar scepters and standards. शैक्य-अयसम् Damasked steel; शकदेवाय चिक्षेप सर्वशैक्यायसीं गदाम् Mb.6.54.24; शैक्यायसानि वर्माणि कांस्यानि च समन्ततः 7.119.42 (com. शैक्यायसानि शोणितायोमयानि).(Samskritam.Apte) शैक्य [p= 1089,2] damasked (?) MBh.pointed (for शैख्य) MW. pointed (for शैख्य) MW.mfn. (cf. शैक्य) pointed , spiked MW.(Monier-Williams) बट्टलोहकम् baṭṭalōhakamबट्टलोहकम् Damasked steel. bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj]Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh.bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v.bhrāṣṭra -- ; *bhraṣṭrapūra -- , *bhraṣṭrāgāra -- .Addenda: bhráṣṭra -- : S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) ʼ.(CDIAL 9656) ఉక్కు (p. 0149) [ ukku ] ukku. [Tel.] n. Steel. Strength, courage, pride, vigour, potency. అయస్సారము, బలము, శౌర్యము. Steadiness. స్థైర్యము. తెలగ ఉక్కు. A very tough sort of steel. R. v. 197. ఉక్కు తీగె ukku-tīge. n. Steel wire. ఉక్కుతునక or ఉక్కుముక్క ukku-tunaka. n. A bit of steel, a brave, sharp or active man. ఉక్కుసున్నము ukku-sunnamu. n. Ashes of calcined iron, scoriæ calx.ఉక్కరి ukk-ari. (ఉక్కు+అరి) A man, a hero. శూరుడు, ధీరుడు. Ta. uruku (uruki-) to dissolve (intr.) with heat, melt, liquefy, be fused, become tender, melt (as the heart), be kind, glow with love, be emaciated; urukku (urukki-) to melt (tr.) with heat (as metals or congealed substances), dissolve, liquefy, fuse, soften (as feelings), reduce, emaciate (as the body), destroy; n. steel, anything melted, product of liquefaction; urukkam melting of heart, tenderness, compassion, love (as to a deity, friend, or child); urukkiṉam that which facilitates the fusion of metals (as borax). Ma. urukuka to melt, dissolve, be softened; urukkuka to melt (tr.); urukkam melting, anguish; urukku what is melted, fused metal, steel. Ko. uk steel. Ka. urku, ukku id. Koḍ. ur- (uri-) to melt (intr.); urïk- (urïki-) id. (tr.);ukkï steel. Te. ukku id.Go. (Mu.) urī-, (Ko.) uṛi- to be melted, dissolved; tr. (Mu.) urih/urh- (Voc. 262). Konḍa (BB) rūg- to melt, dissolve. Kui ūra (ūri-) to be dissolved; pl. action ūrka (ūrki-); rūga (rūgi-) to be dissolved. Kuwi (Ṭ.) rūy- to be dissolved; (S.) rūkhnai to smelt; (Isr.) uku, (S.) ukku steel.(DEDR 661) Hieroglyph: Mora [the contracted, regular P. form of *Sk. mayūra, viâ *ma -- ūra>mora. See also Geiger, P.Gr. § 27 & Pischel, Prk. Gr. § 166. -- Vedic only mayūrī f. pea -- hen] a peaco*ck J ii.275 (˚upasevin, see C. on this passage); vi.218, 497; PvA 142; DhA i.394. A peaco*ck's tail (sometimes used as a fan) is denoted in var. terms in cpds., as mora -- kalāpa DhA i.387; -- piccha Vini.186; -- piñcha Vin ii.130; -- pīñja PvA 142, 176; VvA 147; -- sikali (?) KhA 49; -- hattha Vv 3344 (=mayūra -- piñjehi kataŋ makasa -- vījaniŋ); Pv iii.117. मोर [p= 835,3] m. a peaco*ck (= मयूर) L. (Monier-Williams) Rebus: Perhaps also as morakkha "a peaco*ck's eye" at VbhA 63 (morakkhaka loha, a kind of copper, grouped with pisācaloha). It is more likely however that morakkha is distorted fr. *mauryaka, patronymic of mura, a local (tribal) designation (cp. murala), then by pop. etym. connected with mora peaco*ck. With this cp. Sk. moraka "a kind of steel" BR. (Pali)मोरकम् mōrakamमोरकम् 1 A kind of steel.(Samskritam.Apte) Hieroglyph: पोळ [ pōḷa ] m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. m (पोळ) A festive day for cattle,--the day of new moon of श्रावण or of भाद्रपद. Bullocks are exempted from labor; variously daubed and decorated; and paraded about in worship. Hieroglyph: पोळ [ pōḷa ] f A wall of loose stones. n C (Or पोळें) A honeycomb.पोळा [ pōḷā ] The cake-form portion of a honeycomb.पोळें [ pōḷēṃ ] n C A cake-form or flat honeycomb. Rebus: पोळ [ pōḷa ] magnetite (iron ore) (Munda) पोलाद (p. 533) [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. پولاد polād, s.m. (6th) The finest kind of steel. Sing. and Pl. See فولاد P فولاد folād or fūlād, s.m. (6th) Steel. Sing. and Pl.P فولادي folādī or fūlādī, adj. Made of steel, steel.(Pashto) pŏlād प्वलाद् or phōlād फोलाद् । मृदुलोहविशेषः m. steel (Gr.M.; Rām. 431, 635, phōlād). pŏlödi प्वला&above;दि&below;, pōlödi फोला&above;दि&below;, or phōlödi फोला&above;दि&below; (= ) । लोहविशेषमयः adj. c.g. of steel, steel (Rām. 19, 974, 167, pōo).pŏlāduwu प्वलादुवु&below; । शस्त्रविशेषमयः adj. (f. pŏlādüvü प्वलाद&above;वू&below;), made of steel (H. v, 4).(Kashmiri)
Yupa mēḍhā ‘stake’ Indus Script hieroglyph on sculptures, on coins of ancient Indian mints signifies smelting of mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'
Srini Kalyanaraman
मेधा = धन Naigh. ii , 10. pl. products of intelligence , thoughts , opinions) RV mēdhḥ मेधः An offering, oblation. Thus, mēḍhā 'stake' is central to the process of yajna and creation of धन dhana, 'wealth'. (See depiction of dwarfs on Bhutesvar sculptural friezes to signify kharva, karba). Hieroglyph: खर्व (-र्ब) a. [खर्व्-अच्] 1 Mutilated, crippled, imperfect; Yv. Ts.2.5.1.7.-2 Dwarfish, low, short in stature. Rebus: karba 'iron' = kharva 'a treasure, nidhi of Kubera'. The yupa hieroglyph on railed platform on scultptures and coins of ancient mints is a significant semantic indicator of smelting processes in metalwork. The skambha described in Atharvaveda (X.7) and in Rigveda ricas signyfying a vedic yajna process is mirrored as yupa in fire-altars of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. A variant orthographic form of octagonal vajra hints at the purpose signified by the Skambha as vajrasanghAta, 'an adamantine glue' in the transmutation processes converting dhAtu 'mineral ores' into 'metal, hard alloys'. This purpose is demonstrated on sculptural friezes of Mathura and Bhutesvar. वज्र--संघात [p= 914,1] m. N. of a kind of hard cement (Varahamihira's Brihatsamhita) mfn. having the hardness or compactness of adamant (said of भीम) MBh. i , 4775 Figures 1 to 10 are examples of the continuity of use of Indus Script hieroglyphs to signify metalwork by Bharatam Janam, 'metalcaster folk'. Fig. 4 Ujjain coin hieroglyphs are deciphered. kanda 'fire-altar' for poLa 'magnetite ore' and mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' सं-घट [p= 1130,1] mf(आ)n. heaped , piled up AgP. The coin hieroglyphs signify iron ore smelting in a mint. Pa. kandi (pl. -l) necklace, beads. Ga. (P.) kandi (pl. -l) bead, (pl.) necklace; (S.2) kandiṭ bead. (DEDR 1215) Rebus: Tu. kandůka, kandaka ditch, trench. Te. kandakamu id. Konḍa kanda trench made as a fireplace during weddings. Pe. kandafire trench. Kui kanda small trench for fireplace. Malt. kandri a pit. (DEDR 1214) Dotted circle is a cross-section of a strand of rope: S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. Rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻsubstance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour)ʼ; dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ(Marathi) धवड (p. 436) [ dhavaḍa ] m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron (Marathi) gaNDa 'four' (DEDR 1215) Rebus: kanda 'fire-altar'. Thus, the Ujjain hieroglyph of four joined dotted circles signifies a fire-altar for mineral ore. poLa 'zebu' Rebus: poLa 'magnetite ore' sangaDa 'lathe, portabe furnace' Rebus: sanghAta 'adamantine glue', sangara 'proclamation'; mēḍhā m A stake, esp. as forked. Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic languages) Octagonal yupa brick found in the fire-altar, Binjor. Discovered together with an Indus Script seal which signified metalwork. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/12/binjor-fire-altar-with-octagonal-yasti.html See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/rigveda-soma-not-herb-not-drink-but.html A tree associated with smelter and linga from Bhuteshwar, Mathura Museum. Architectural fragment with relief showing winged dwarfs (or gaNa) worshipping with flower garlands, Siva Linga. Bhuteshwar, ca. 2nd cent BCE. Lingam is on a platform with wall under a pipal tree encircled by railing. (Srivastava, AK, 1999, Catalogue of Saiva sculptures in Government Museum, Mathura: 47, GMM 52.3625) The tree is a phonetic determinant of the smelter indicated by the railing around the linga: kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ lex., °ṭaka -- m. ʻ a kind of tree ʼ Kauś.Pk. kuḍa -- m. ʻ tree ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. kuṛāˊ ʻ tree ʼ, dar. kaṛék ʻ tree, oak ʼ ~ Par. kōṛ ʻ stick ʼ IIFL iii 3, 98. (CDIAL 3228). See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/worship-of-siva-linga-is-cultural-bond.html Worship of linga, of fire by Gandharva, Shunga period (ca. 2nd cent. BCE), ACCN 3625, Mathura Museum. Worship signified by dwarfs, Gaṇa (hence Gaṇeśa = Gaṇa + īśa). Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE (Fig. 6.2). This is the most emphatic representation of linga as a pillar of fire. The pillar is embedded within a brick-kiln with an angular roof and is ligatured to a tree. Hieroglyph: kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. In this composition, the artists is depicting the smelter used for smelting to create mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) of mēḍha 'stake' rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). मेड (p. 662) [ mēḍa ] f (Usually मेढ q. v.) मेडका m A stake, esp. as bifurcated. मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] f A forked stake. Used as a post. Hence a short post generally whether forked or not. मेढा (p. 665) [ mēḍhā ] m A stake, esp. as forked. 2 A dense arrangement of stakes, a palisade, a paling. मेढी (p. 665) [ mēḍhī ] f (Dim. of मेढ) A small bifurcated stake: also a small stake, with or without furcation, used as a post to support a cross piece. मेढ्या (p. 665) [ mēḍhyā ] a (मेढ Stake or post.) A term for a person considered as the pillar, prop, or support (of a household, army, or other body), the staff or stay. मेढेजोशी (p. 665) [ mēḍhējōśī ] m A stake-जोशी; a जोशी who keeps account of the तिथि &c., by driving stakes into the ground: also a class, or an individual of it, of fortune-tellers, diviners, presagers, seasonannouncers, almanack-makers &c. They are Shúdras and followers of the मेढेमत q. v. 2 Jocosely. The hereditary or settled (quasi fixed as a stake) जोशी of a village.मेंधला (p. 665) [ mēndhalā ] m In architecture. A common term for the two upper arms of a double चौकठ (door-frame) connecting the two. Called also मेंढरी & घोडा. It answers to छिली the name of the two lower arms or connections. (Marathi) मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda) The association of dwarfs, gaNa is consistent with the interpretation of Ganesa iconography with elephant trunk: karibha 'elephant trunk' (Pali) rebua: karba 'iron' (Tulu); ib 'iron' (Santali) kara 'trunk' khAr 'blacksmith'. Siva's gaNa are Bharatam Janam, metalcaster folk engaged with पोतृ pōtṟ 'purifier priest' to signify dhā̆vaḍ, dhamaga 'smelter, blacksmith' working in alloy of three mineral ores. The garland depicted on Bhutesvar sculptural friezes signifies: dhAman 'garland, rope' rebus: dhamaga 'blacksmith', dhmAtr 'smelter'. Candi Sukuh and Candi Ceto narratives are a cultural continuum of the veneration of Skambha, the fiery pillar of light as a metaphor for the cosmic dance of dissolution and regeneration. The message of the narratives of Indus Script hieroglyphs and of Candi Sukuh/Candi Ceto are the same: liberation of the Atman as the Cosmic Dancer renders in rhythm and dance the Cosmic phenomena finding expression in kole.l 'smithy' i.e. kole.l 'temple'. This skambha, fiery pillar of light, seems to be of an infinite size with roots and end indeterminate, a concept represented in sculptural frieze of Darasuram, Airavatesvara temple. Both Brahma and Vishnu are signified as searching for the the beginning and end of the skambha as īśvará, now presented in an iconic form with multiple hands, hence multiple attributes.
Kalibangan, Binjor Yupa Skambha Indus inscriptions, Harappa, Bhutesvar śivalingas, kangar 'brazier', tã̄bā 'copper' dhāu 'hematite'
Srini Kalyanaraman
चतुर्श्रि, अष्टाश्रि quadrangular, octagonal yupa skambha or pillars are attested ca. 2500 BCE, archaeologically in Kalibangan and Binjor respectively, both on the banks of Vedic River Sarasvati. Hieroglyphs skambha, stambha signify tã̄bā 'copper', and hieroglyph garland signifies dhāu 'red ore'. (perhaps hematite, ferrite ore). A frieze fromBharhut with garlands on tree PLUS kulA 'hood of serpent' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelters'. Five hoods may signify páñcadhAtu 'five minerals'. *pañcakula ʻ consisting of five families ʼ. [páñca, kúla -- ]Pk. paṁcaüla -- n. ʻ panchayet ʼ; -- deriv.: Pk. paṁcaüliya -- m. ʻ one who deliberates in a panchayet ʼ; H. pacaur, pacaulī m. ʻ village headman ʼ.(CDIAL 7657) Pasenadi pillar of Bharhut with garlanded tree signifies: kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' PLUS dāma 'garland' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. The ekamukha linga signified on such pillars atop a kiln or smelter on Bhuteswar sculptural friezes refer to mũh 'face' rebus: mũhe 'ingot', mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes, 'smelters'. (Santali) A garland is arried by a dwarf, to signify dāmā m. ʻ id., garland ʼ rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (Red ochre is Fe2O3, takes its reddish color from the mineral hematite, which is an anhydrous iron oxide.) Architectural fragment with relief showing winged dwarfs (or gaNa) worshipping with flower garlands, Siva Linga. Bhuteshwar, ca. 2nd cent BCE.Lingam is on a platform with wall under a pipal tree encircled by railing. (Srivastava, AK, 1999, Catalogue of Saiva sculptures in Government Museum, Mathura: 47, GMM 52.3625) The tree is a phonetic determinant of the smelter indicated by the railing around the linga: kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ lex., °ṭaka -- m. ʻ a kind of tree ʼ Kauś.Pk. kuḍa -- m. ʻ tree ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. kuṛāˊ ʻ tree ʼ, dar. kaṛék ʻ tree, oak ʼ ~ Par. kōṛ ʻ stick ʼ IIFL iii 3, 98. (CDIAL 3228). http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/smithy-is-temple-of-bronze-age-stambha_14.html H. dām m.f. ʻ rope, string, fetter ʼ, dāmā m. ʻ id., garland ʼ(CDIA Si. dama ʻ chain, rope ʼ, (SigGr) dam ʻ garland ʼ.L 6283) rebus: dhAu 'metal; (Prakrtam) dhAI 'wisp of fibres' (S.) dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whenceḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) Worship of Shiva Linga by Gandharvas - Shunga Period - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 3625 - Government Museum - Mathura kuThi 'smelter' lokhaNDa 'metal implements' (lo 'penis' -- Munda) Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE (Fig. 6.2). This is the most emphatic representation of linga as a pillar of fire. The pillar is embedded within a brick-kiln with an angular roof and is ligatured to a tree. Hieroglyph: kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. In this composition, the artists is depicting the smelter used for smelting to create mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) of mēḍha 'stake' rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). मेड (p. 662) [ mēḍa ] f (Usually मेढ q. v.) मेडका m A stake, esp. as bifurcated. मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] f A forked stake. Used as a post. Hence a short post generally whether forked or not. मेढा (p. 665) [ mēḍhā ] m A stake, esp. as forked. 2 A dense arrangement of stakes, a palisade, a paling. मेढी (p. 665) [ mēḍhī ] f (Dim. of मेढ) A small bifurcated stake: also a small stake, with or without furcation, used as a post to support a cross piece. मेढ्या (p. 665) [ mēḍhyā ] a (मेढ Stake or post.) A term for a person considered as the pillar, prop, or support (of a household, army, or other body), the staff or stay. मेढेजोशी (p. 665) [ mēḍhējōśī ] m A stake-जोशी; a जोशी who keeps account of the तिथि &c., by driving stakes into the ground: also a class, or an individual of it, of fortune-tellers, diviners, presagers, seasonannouncers, almanack-makers &c. They are Shúdras and followers of the मेढेमत q. v. 2 Jocosely. The hereditary or settled (quasi fixed as a stake) जोशी of a village.मेंधला (p. 665) [ mēndhalā ] m In architecture. A common term for the two upper arms of a double चौकठ (door-frame) connecting the two. Called also मेंढरी & घोडा. It answers to छिली the name of the two lower arms or connections. (Marathi) मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda) Since Sivalinga as aniconic forms are also signified by चतुर्श्रि, अष्टाश्रि quadrangular, octagonal components and as iconic connotations appear with ekamukha linga (linga with one face ligatured), it is surmised that Sivalinga are Yupa skambha, as a multi-layered, metallurgical metaphor. One layer relates to the rebus reading of the ekamukha. The surmise of Sivalinga as Yupa Skambha is framed on the extraordinary metaphors of the philosophical tractus in Atharva veda called Skambha Sukta (AV X.7). Skambha, yupaskambha 'pillar' and kangar, 'brazier' respectively are attested as hieroglyphs on Indus Script inscriptions and on early punch-marked/cast coins of Ancient Bharatam. A variant pronunciation stambha is read rebus in Pali and Bihari: tã̄bā 'copper' (Bihari) Tamba (nt.) [Sk. tāmra, orig. adj.=dark coloured, leaden; cp. Sk. adj. taŋsra id., to tama] copper ("the dark metal"); usually in combinations, signifying colour of or made of (cp. loha bronze), e. g. lākhātamba (adj.) Th 2, 440 (colour of an ox); ˚akkhin Vv 323 (timira˚) Sdhp 286; ˚nakhin J vi.290; ˚nettā (f.)ibid.; ˚bhājana DhA i.395; ˚mattika DhA iv.106; ˚vammika DhAiii.208; ˚loha PvA 95 (=loha). tāmrá ʻ dark red, copper -- coloured ʼ VS., n. ʻ copper ʼ Kauś., tāmraka -- n. Yājñ. [Cf. tamrá -- . -- √tam?]Pa. tamba -- ʻ red ʼ, n. ʻ copper ʼ, Pk. taṁba -- adj. and n.; Dm. trāmba -- ʻ red ʼ (in trāmba -- lac̣uk ʻ raspberry ʼ NTS xii 192); Bshk. lām ʻ copper, piece of bad pine -- wood (< ʻ *red wood ʼ?); Phal. tāmba ʻ copper ʼ (→ Sh.koh. tāmbā), K. trām m. (→ Sh.gil. gur. trām m.), S. ṭrāmo m., L. trāmā, (Ju.) tarāmã̄ m., P. tāmbā m., WPah. bhad. ṭḷām n., kiũth. cāmbā, sod. cambo, jaun. tã̄bō, Ku. N. tāmo (pl. ʻ young bamboo shoots ʼ), A. tām, B. tã̄bā, tāmā, Or. tambā, Bi tã̄bā, Mth. tām, tāmā, Bhoj. tāmā, H. tām in cmpds., tã̄bā, tāmā m., G. trã̄bũ, tã̄bũ n.;M. tã̄bẽ n. ʻ copper ʼ, tã̄b f. ʻ rust, redness of sky ʼ; Ko. tāmbe n. ʻ copper ʼ; Si. tam̆ba adj. ʻ reddish ʼ, sb. ʻ copper ʼ, (SigGr) tam, tama. -- Ext. -- ira -- : Pk. taṁbira -- ʻ coppercoloured, red ʼ, L. tāmrā ʻ copper -- coloured (of pigeons) ʼ; -- with -- ḍa -- : S. ṭrāmiṛo m. ʻ a kind of cooking pot ʼ, ṭrāmiṛī ʻ sunburnt, red with anger ʼ, f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; Bhoj. tāmrā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; H. tã̄bṛā, tāmṛāʻ coppercoloured, dark red ʼ, m. ʻ stone resembling a ruby ʼ; G. tã̄baṛ n., trã̄bṛī, tã̄bṛī f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; OM. tāṁbaḍā ʻ red ʼ. -- X trápu -- q.v.tāmrika -- ; tāmrakāra -- , tāmrakuṭṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭaka -- , tāmracūḍa -- , *tāmradhāka -- , tāmrapaṭṭa -- , tāmrapattra -- , tāmrapātra -- , *tāmrabhāṇḍa -- , tāmravarṇa -- , tāmrākṣa -- .Addenda: tāmrá -- [< IE. *tomró -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 65]S.kcch. trāmo, tām(b)o m. ʻ copper ʼ, trāmbhyo m. ʻ an old copper coin ʼ; WPah.kc. cambo m. ʻ copper ʼ, J. cāmbā m., kṭg. (kc.) tambɔ m. (← P. or H. Him.I 89), Garh. tāmu, tã̄bu.(CDIAL 5779)
Bronze Age kuṭhāru 'armourer, फड, phaḍa 'Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons' signified as Indus Script hypertexts .pdf
Srini Kalyanaraman
--Hypertexts of Āyāgapaṭa, aṟupaṭai and aimpaṭai, aṣṭamangaḷa necklaces In a breath-taking splendour of a sculptural relief of Bharhut, Nāgaraja, Erapattra worships in front of the paṭa which is topped by a tree: kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter. The tree is atop a पट n. a thatch or roof (= पटल) L. The Indus Script hypertexts are: paṭa ‘roof’ rebus: फड, phaḍa 'Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons'. The hypertext constitutes the kole.l 'smithy, forge' is kole.l 'temple for फड, phaḍa, 'cobra hood' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons'. That the roof shown on the relief signifies a smelter is reinforced by similar structures shown on Bhuteshwar sculptural fragments discussed in this monograph. Nāgaraja, Erapattra worshipping at the smelter and tree. kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. Bharhut, 100 BCE. This relief shows puja to tree: Hieroglyph: kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' (smithy). The complex of hieroglyph readings rebus: kole.l 'smithy' rebus: kole.l 'temple'. The dagoba is dhātugarbha, composed of the earth containing minerals as the womb. The hieroglyph composition of tied fish-tail pair emerges out of the roof of the brick kiln (smelter). This ligaturing is comparable to the ligature of Ekamukha linga emerging out of the sloping roof brick-kiln. धातु--गर्भ [p= 513,3] m. (with Buddh. ) receptacle for ashes or relics , a Dagaba or Dagoba (Sinhalese corruption of पालि Dhatu-gabbha) (Monier-Williams' Buddhism in its connexion with ब्राह्मण् ism & हिन्दू ism: and in its contrast with Christianity, xxxv) The worship of a smithy (smelter) as a temple is also seen in the artistic representations in Mathura in the context of worship of Sivalinga (Ekamukha siva linga); this is a remarkable affirmation of Bauddham, Jaina and Hindu traditions as composite gestalt of ancient Bharatam Janam venerating natural phenomena as an extension of cosmic-consciousness order called dharma-dhamma..: आ-याग [p= 148,1] is a gift given at a yajña. āyāgapaṭa is a written tablet with sacred/auspicious hieroglyphs/hypertexts of homage offered at a sacred place like a temple. The sacred symbols of āyāgapaṭa also recur on peronal ornaments of children and as marriage badges, tāli. aimpaṭai, aṣṭamangaḷa necklaces with Indus Script hypertexts signify Bronze Age Bhāratīya army arsenal. Tamil children had Aimpataittāli made up of five symbols or five weapons of Vishnu: śankha, 'Vishnus’s conch',Cakra, 'discus, wheel', sāranga, 'bow', nandaka khaṇḍa, 'sword' and Kaumodakī gada, 'mace'. Ref. Akam.54, Puram.77:7-8. There are references in Silappadikaram, Manimekalai (Fifth Century CE) and Peria Puranam (Tenth Century CE). Picture of Aimpatai Thali of Tails with Five of Vishnu’s weapons. https://tamilandvedas.com/2014/06/17/talismans-in-atharva-veda-ancient-tamil-literature/ Hieroglyphs on ancient Bhāratīya artifacts signified as hypertexts are NOT personal names but professional responsibilities/artisanal skills traditionally handed won by ancestors, as seen on a number of pendants as hypertexts on ancient necklaces. Ta. tāli central piece of a neck ornament solemnly tied by the bridegroom around the bride's neck as marriage badge, a child's necklace, amulet tied on a child's neck. Ma. tāli the centre piece of a neck ornament tied as the marriage badge. Ko. ta·ḷy a heavy necklace. To. to·ly woman's gold neck ornament. Ka. tāli, tāḷi a small round plate of gold worn at the neck as a marriage badge, that plate used as an ornament. Tu. tāli, tāḷi the marriage badge worn by a female. Te. tāli small piece of gold tied by the bridegroom at the marriage ceremony to the neck of the bride. / Cf. Skt. tāli- (Mayrhofer, s.v.)(DEDR 3175) aṣṭamangalaka hāra depicted on a pillar of a gateway(toran.a) at the stupa of Sanchi, Central India, 1st century BCE. [After VS Agrawala, 1969, Thedeeds of Harsha (being a cultural study of Bāṇa’s Harṣacarita, ed. By PK Agrawala, Varanasi:fig. 62]. At least five metalwork tools and implements are recognizable on the hypertexts signified on the necklaces seen on Sanchi sculptures, which signify aṣṭamangaḷa 'eight auspicious hieroglyphs' in the tradition of Indus Script cipher (e.g. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron', ayas 'weapon'). अङ्कुश [p= 7,2] mn. a hook , especially an elephant-driver's hook परशु [p= 589,2]m. a hatchet , axe , the axe of a woodcutter; ( Naigh. ii , 20) a thunderbolt RV. &c; पर्शु m. (cf. परशु and Un2. i , 34 Sch.) an axe , hatchet Hariv. R. अयस् [p= 85,1]n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10. The hieroglyph is: ayo 'fish' Duplicated: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, dul ayas 'cast iron weapon'. खड्ग [p= 335,3]m. (fr. √खड् for खण्ड्?) a sword , scymitar MBh. R. &c (ifc. f(आ). Katha1s. ); a large sacrificial knife W.; n. iron L. kammaṭa=portable furnace (Te.) rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. karaḍa 'safflower' rebus: kharaḍā खरड़ा wealth accounting ledge entries of metalwork wealth created in smithies, forges, foundries'. The central pendant of the necklaces is a replica of the hypertext which adorns Sanchi/Bharhut toranas. Stūpa is the ziggurat (dagoba, dhatugarbha) The hypertext is mounted on a pedestal, paṭa 'throne, tablet, a thatch or roof (= पटल) L.' , फड, phaḍa 'cobra hood' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'arsenal, metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'. Necklaces with pendants as hypertexts in a continuum of Indus Script writing hypertext tradition: karaDi 'safflower' rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy' DAng 'mace' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' thus, iron metal casting. sangaDa 'portable brazier' rebus: sangAta 'collection of articles' sangar 'fortification' khambhaṛā 'fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint', sippi 'mollusc' rebus: sippi 'engraver, sculptor'. Thus, the wearer of the necklaces a metal sculptor or creator of lost-wax metal castings. The Indus Script hypertext message is: tāmra ayo kammaṭa sippi kāraṇikā sanghin 'copper, iron mint, artisan, scribe guild'. tāmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tāmra 'copper' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' PLUS kárṇikā Pa. kaṇṇikā -- f. ʻpericarp of lotus'' Rebus: kanka, kāraṇikā 'scribe'. This reading is combined with sã̄khī 'mollusc' Rebus: sangin 'guild' to read the message as kāraṇikā sanghin 'scribes guild'. दळ (p. 406)[ daḷa ] दल (p. 404) [ dala ] n (S) A leaf. 2 A petal of a flower rebus: ḍhāḷako 'a large metal ingot' (may be signified on sculptural friezes by a picture of 'ox-hide ingot', ḍhāḷa 'shield'. Temples of dhamma
Ancient Indian archaeo-metallurgy. कृष्ण kṛṣṇa -अयस्, 'black iron' may signify meteoric iron as a component of panchaloha cire perdue alloy castings of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization
Srini Kalyanaraman
It is not uncommon to use Ferrous elements in Panchaloha murti. It is possible that the Meluhha gloss aduru signified on Indus Script inscriptions with the hieroglyph 'harrow' may relate to the description of कृष्ण kṛṣṇa -अयस्, 'black iron'. This colour of the alloy metallic ore is distinguished from syama ayas or lohita ayas to denote grey or brown coloured copper ores mixed with other red mineral ores, dhAtu. Example of a Panchalohamurti."Panchaloha (Sanskrit Devanagari: पञ्चलोह; Tamil: பஞ்சலோகம், ஐம்பொன்(aimpon); IAST: pañcaloha;Tibetan: ལྕགས་རིགས་སྣ་ལྔ, Wylie: lcags rigs sna lnga) (also calledPanchaloham (malayalam: പഞ്ചലോഹം) , Panchdhatu - literally, "five metals") is a term for traditional five-metal alloysof sacred significance used for making Hindu temple idols (Murti)...In some traditions, particularly Tibetan, it was considered auspicious to use thokcha, meteorite iron; either as a component of the alloy in general, or for a specific object or purpose. The amount used could vary, depending upon the material's availability and suitability, among other considerations. A small, largely symbolic quantity of "sky-iron" might be added, or it might be included as a significant part of the alloy-recipe." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchaloha Widmanstätten pattern showing the two forms of nickel–iron minerals, kamacite and taenite I suggest that the compound expression कृष्ण kṛṣṇa -अयस्, 'black iron' signifies 'meteorite iron'. "Meteoric iron, sometimes meteoritic iron,is anative metal found in meteorites and made from the elements iron and nickel mainly in the form of the mineral phases kamacite and taenite...Meteoric iron was already used before the beginning of the iron age to make cultural objects, tools and weapons" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoric_iron Source: Waldbaum, J. C. and James D. Muhly; The first archaeological appearance of iron and the transition to the iron age chapter in The coming of the age of iron, Theodore A. Wertme. ed., Yale University Press, 1980, (Monier-Williams) A compound expression is explained in Samskritam: अयस् ayas -काण्डः 1 an iron-arrow. -2 excellent iron. -3 a large quantity of iron. - कान्तः (अयस्कान्तः) 1 'beloved of iron', a magnet, load-stone; शम्भोर्यतध्वमाक्रष्टुमयस्कान्तेन लोहवत् Ku.2.59; स चकर्ष परस्मा- त्तदयस्कान्त इवायसम् R.17.63; U.4.21. अयस्कान्तमयः संक्रामति M. Bh. on P.III.1.7. -2 a precious stone; ˚मणिः a loadstone; अयस्कान्तमणिशलाकेव लोहधातुमन्तः- करणमाकृष्टवती Māl.1. (Samskritam. Apte) कृष्ण kṛṣṇa -अयस्, n. -अयसम्, -आमिषम् iron, crude or black iron. -कृष्णायसस्येव च ते संहत्य हृदयं कृतम् Mb.5.135. 1; वाचारम्भणं विकारो नामधेयं कृष्णायसमित्येव सत्यम् Ch. Up. 6.1.6. Thus, कृष्ण kṛṣṇa PLUS -अयस्, signifies 'black iron'. A Rigvedic synonym for soma is amśu. A cognate for the word amśu is recognised in Tocharian as ancu 'iron. George Pinault has found a cognate word in Tocharian, ancu which means 'iron'. I have argued in my book, Indian alchemy, soma in the Veda, that Soma was an allegory, 'electrum' (gold-silver compound). See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/10/itihasa-and-eagle-narratives.html for Pinault's views on ancu, amśu concordance. See also: Gerd Carling, Georges-Jean Pinault, Werner Winter, 2008, Dictionary and thesaurus of Tocharian A,Volume 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. Georges-Jean Pinault, 2006, Further links between the Indo-Iranian substratum and the BMAC language in: Bertil Tikkanen & Heinrich Hettrich, eds., 2006, Themes and tasks in old and middle Indo-Aryan linguistics, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 167 to 196. "...we have Toch. A. *ancu 'iron', the basis of the derived adjective ancwaashi 'made of iron', to which corresponds Toch. B encuwo, with the parallel derived adjective encuwanne 'made of iron'...The two forms go back to CToch. oencuwoen- non.sg. *oencuwo, the final part of which is a regular product of IE *-on...This noun is deprived of any convincing IE etymology...The term Ved. ams'u-, Av . asu- goes back to a noun borrowed from some donor language of Central Asia, as confirmed by CToch. *oencuwoen-...the BMAC language would not belong to the Indo-European family; it does not seem to be related to Dravidian either...New identifications and reconstructions will certainly help to define more precisely the contours of the BMAC vocabulary in Indo-Iranian, as well as in Tocharian."(p.192)] http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2011/09/central-asian-seals-seal-impressions.html Pinault parallels amśu of Rigveda with añcu of Tocharian. In Tocharian it means 'iron'. Tocharin language as an Indo-European language has revealed a word anzu in Tocharian which meant 'iron'. It is likely that this is the word used for soma in Rigveda. I have posted about this in the context of identification (discussed in this blog) of Muztagh Ata of Kyrgystan as Mt. Mujavat (mentioned as a source of soma in Rigveda). It is notable that in Mesopotamian legend of Ninurta, god of war and agricultural fertility hunts on the mountains, Anzu which is the lion-headed Eagle with the power of the stolen Tablet of Destinies. The 'eagle' is identified as śyena in Rigveda and Avesta (saena meregh) as the falcon which brought the nectar, Soma. It is likely that soma as electrum (silver-gold ore) was bought from the traders who brought anzu from Mt. Mujavat. 590 áyas n. ʻ metal, iron ʼ RV.Pa. ayō nom. sg. n. and m., aya -- n. ʻ iron ʼ, Pk. aya -- n., Si. ya.ayaścūrṇa -- , ayaskāṇḍa -- , *ayaskūṭa -- . Addenda: áyas -- : Md. da ʻ iron ʼ, dafat ʻ piece of iron ʼ.591 ayaskāṇḍa m.n. ʻ a quantity of iron, excellent iron ʼ Pāṇ. gaṇ. [áyas -- , kāˊṇḍa -- ] Si. yakaḍa ʻ iron ʼ.592 *ayaskūṭa ʻ iron hammer ʼ. [áyas -- , kūˊṭa -- 1] Pa. ayōkūṭa -- ,ayak° m.; Si. yakuḷa ʻ sledge -- hammer ʼ, yavuḷa (< ayōkūṭa -- ).3451 kr̥ṣṇá ʻ dark blue, black ʼ RV., kŕ̊ṣṇaka -- ʻ blackish ʼ Pāṇ. 2. Nom. prop. esp. of the incarnation of Viṣṇu.1. Pa. kaṇha -- ʻ dark, black ʼ, kiṇha -- ʻ black, bad ʼ; NiDoc. kriṣ̄a, °aǵa ʻ black ʼ, Pk. kaṇha -- , kiṇha -- , kasiṇa -- , °saṇa -- , Dm. krināˊ, Tir. kə́gən, Kal. rumb. kriẓṇa, urt. krīṇḍa, Bshk. kiṣin, Tor. kəṣən, Sv. kṣenī f., Phal. kiṣíṇu, f. °ṇi, Sh. koh. kiṇŭ, K. krĕhonu, f. °hüñü; S. kinu m. ʻ stinking dirt ʼ, °no ʻ filthy, stinking ʼ; L. awāṇ. kìnnã̄ ʻ ugly ʼ; M. kānhī f. ʻ smut (attacking grain) ʼ; -- Si. kiṇu ʻ black ʼ prob. ← Pa. 2. Pk. kaṇha -- , kiṇha -- m. ʻ Kr̥ṣṇa ʼ, S. kāno, P. kānh, B. kāna, Or. Mth. kānha, Bhoj. kānhā, Aw. lakh. kãdhaiyā, H. kānh, M. kānhū.kr̥ṣṇabhūma -- , kr̥ṣṇamallikā -- , kr̥ṣṇamr̥ga -- .Addenda: kr̥ṣṇá -- : S.kcch. kịnno ʻ dirty (of a child) ʼ.3452 kr̥ṣṇabhūma m. ʻ black soil ʼ Kāś. [kr̥ṣṇá -- , bhūˊmi -- ] Pk. kaṇhabhūma -- , °bhōma -- m. ʻ black ground ʼ; G. kāhnam f. ʻ black soil, the land between Baroda and Broach ʼ.3454 kr̥ṣṇamr̥ga m. ʻ black antelope ʼ MBh. [kr̥ṣṇá -- , mr̥gá -- ]Si. kelmuva ʻ deer ʼ with dissimilation < *kaṇam° or poss. < *kālamr̥ga -- ; less likely < kālamukha -- .
Utsava bera, processional display of kō̃da कोँद a one-horned young bos aurochs indicus Indus Script furnace for ajirda karba, ‘hard iron’
Srini Kalyanaraman
Utsava bera in Mari is proclamation of furnace for ajirda karba, 'very hard iron'. This utsava bera, celebratory procession commemorates the graduation of a baker of confectionary into kō̃da kaḍbā कोँद कडबा an iron worker with smelter. A comparale celebratory procession occurs in Mohenjo-daro. Utsava bēra, 'processional display of hieroglyphs' is a trade proclamation, bērīḍzu 'trade account', by Meluhha blacksmith artisans and bēra, m'erchants'. m0491 Field Symbol FS 58, FS Fig. 94 Mari. Procession. Frieze of a mosaic panel Circa 2500-2400 BCE Temple of Ishtar, Mari (Tell Hariri), Syria Shell and shale André Parrot excavations, 1934-36 AO 19820 kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 133); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). -- khasüñü -- खस&above;ञू&below; । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 133, where the causal form of the verb is used. (Kashmiri) *kandukara ʻ worker with pans ʼ. [kándu -- , kará -- 1]K. kã̄dar, kã̄duru dat. °daris m. ʻ baker ʼ.(CDIAL 2728) kándu f. ʻ iron pot ʼ Suśr., °uka -- m. ʻ saucepan ʼ.Pk. kaṁdu -- , kaṁḍu -- m.f. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; K. kō̃da f. ʻ potter's kiln, lime or brick kiln ʼ; -- ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kã̄dur m. ʻ oven ʼ. -- Deriv. Pk. kaṁḍua -- ʻ sweetseller ʼ (< *kānduka -- ?); H. kã̄dū m. ʻ a caste that makes sweetmeats ʼ. (CDIAL 2726) kāndavika m. ʻ baker ʼ Pañcad. [kándu -- ]Pk. kaṁdaviya -- , °dōiya -- , °duia -- (u from kaṁdua -- ) m. ʻ sweetmeat seller ʼ; G. kãdoī m. ʻ confectioner ʼ.Addenda: kāndavika -- : S.kcch. kandhoyo m. ʻ confectioner ʼ.(CDIAL 3734) kã̄ḍ 1 काँड् । काण्डः m. the stalk or stem of a reed, grass, or the like, straw. In the compound with dan 5 (p. 221a, l. 13) the word is spelt kāḍ (Kashmiri) M. kaḍbā m. ʻ the culm of millet ʼ.; kaḍambá, kalamba -- 1, m. ʻ end, point, stalk of a pot- herb ʼ lex. [See kadambá -- ]B. kaṛamba ʻ stalk of greens ʼ; Or. kaṛambā, °mā stalks and plants among stubble of a reaped field ʼ; H. kaṛbī, karbī f. ʻ tubular stalk or culm of a plant, esp. of millet ʼ (→ P. karb m.) -- Or. kaḷama ʻ a kind of firm -- stemmed reed from which pens are made ʼ infl. by H. kalam ʻ pen ʼ ← Ar.?(CDIAL 2653) कडबड kaḍabaḍa f The residue of eaten and trodden कडबा; pieces of the mere culm without the blade. कडबा kaḍabā m The culm or haum of जोंधळा dried for fodder. 2 fig. (Because कडबा is the mere culm without the head.) Refuse, rubbish, worthless stuff. कडबी kaḍabī f After-sproutings of जोंधळा. Cut in the hot season as food for cattle. 2 Misused by foreigners of the south and by साहेबलोक for कडबा. (Marathi) Rebus: Tu. ajirda karba very hard iron. is a pronunciation variant of ayas karba 'very hard iron'.Ta. ayil iron. Ma. ayir, ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru native metal. Tu. ajirda karba very hard iron.(DEDR 192) Ka. kare blackness; kabbiṇa iron; (PBh.) karipu blackness; (Hav.) karañcu to be scorched; karañcaṭe scorched; (Gowda) kərṇṭi to become charred. Koḍ. kari- (kariv-, kariñj-) to be singed; (karip-, karic-) to singe; kari black. Tu. kari soot, charcoal; kariya black; karṅka state of being burnt or singed; karṅkāḍuni to burn (tr.); karñcuni to be burned to cinders; karñcāvuni to cause to burn to cinders; kardů black; karba iron (DEDR 1278) Field Symbol Codes 1,2; Figs. FS 1 to 9 ( with a frequency of 1164 in M77 Corpus), the most frequent Pictorial Motif of the Corpora The hypertext of the young bull खोंड khōṇḍa 'm A young bull, a bullcalf' is of frequent occurrence on Indus Script Corpora. I suggest that Kondana caves and khōṇḍa 'young bull' signify wealth-creating activities, and are rebus renderings of goldsmith-artisans' work of कोंदण kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems and working with kundana 'fine gold'. कोंदण kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems is the work of a turner on a lathe. Bengali. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Oriya. kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ‘lathe’) (CDIAL 3295). कुन्द [p= 291,2] a turner's lathe L. (Monier-Williams) Such a kū̃d, l'athe' is presented in front of the young bull on many inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora. The gimlet is shown as producing drilled beads, working atop a portable furnace. खोंड khōṇḍa 'm A young bull, a bullcalf' is rebus: kundār ‘turner’.The lathe and gimlet in front of the young bull on many seals are signifiers of a lapidary's instrument to drill holes in beads or to infix or set gems in gold or metal sockets. kunda 'lathe' rebus: कोंदण (p. 102) kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation. 3 The socket of a gem. Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725) குந்தனம் kuntaṉam, n. < T. kundanamu. 1. Interspace for enchasing or setting gems in a jewel; இரத்தினம் பதிக்கும் இடம். குந்தனத்தி லழுத்தின . . . ரத்தினங்கள் (திவ். திருநெடுந். 21, வ்யா. பக். 175). 2. Gold, fine gold; தங்கம். (சங். அக.) குந்தனக்காரன் kuntaṉa-k-kāraṉ, n. < T. kundanamu Loc. కుందనము (p. 289) kundanamu kundanamu. [Tel.] n. Solid gold, fine gold. అపరంజి. குந்தன் kuntaṉ, n. < Kunda. 1. Viṣṇu; திருமால். வல்வினைமாய்ந்தறச்செய் குந்தன்றன்னை (திவ். திருவாய். 7, 9, 7). 2. Holy person; தூயதன்மை யுடையவன். வண்டீங் கவிசெய்குந்தன் (திவ். திரு வாய். 7, 9, 7). kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda) kāru-kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bull in its prime. खोंड [khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) గోద [ gōda ] gōda. [Tel.] n. An ox. A beast. kine, cattle.(Telugu) kunda 'lathe' Rebus: कोंदण kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems and working with kundana 'fine gold'. Rebus: कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) Rebus : Bengali. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Oriya. kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ‘lathe’) (CDIAL 3295). कुन्द [p= 291,2] a turner's lathe L. (Monier-Williams) Mudhif and three reed banners Figure 15.1. Sealing with representations of reed structures with cows, calves, lambs, and ringed bundle “standards” of Inana (drawing by Diane Gurney. After Hamilton 1967, fig. 1) Three rings on reed posts are three dotted circles: dāya 'dotted circle' on dhā̆vaḍ priest of 'iron-smelters', signifies tadbhava from Rigveda dhāī ''a strand (Sindhi) (hence, dotted circle shoring cross section of a thread through a perorated bead);rebus: dhāū, dhāv ʻa partic. soft red ores'. dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) Cylinder seal impression, Uruk period, Uruk?, 3500-2900 BCE. Note a load of livestock (upper), overlapping greatly (weird representation), and standard 'mudhif' reed house form common to S. Iraq (lower). Cattle Byres c.3200-3000 B.C. Late Uruk-Jemdet Nasr period. Magnesite. Cylinder seal. In the lower field of this seal appear three reed cattle byres. Each byre is surmounted by three reed pillars topped by rings, a motif that has been suggested as symbolizing a male god, perhaps Dumuzi. Within the huts calves or vessels appear alternately; from the sides come calves that drink out of a vessel between them. Above each pair of animals another small calf appears. A herd of enormous cattle moves in the upper field. Cattle and cattle byres in Southern Mesopotamia, c. 3500 BCE. Drawing of an impression from a Uruk period cylinder seal. (After Moorey, PRS, 1999, Ancient mesopotamian materials and industries: the archaeological evidence, Eisenbrauns.) • A cow and a stable of reeds with sculpted columns in the background. Fragment of another vase of alabaster (era of Djemet-Nasr) from Uruk, Mesopotamia. Limestone 16 X 22.5 cm. AO 8842, Louvre, Departement des Antiquites Orientales, Paris, France. Sumerian mudhif and Sohgaura copper plate signify Indus Script hypertexts of metalwork https://tinyurl.com/yczjracd Abstract. Sumerian mudhif signifies Indus Script hypertexts of metalwork -- on Inana standards, Tell al Ubaid temple of Ninhursag -- koṭṭhaka variant is signified on Sohgaura copper plate Brāhmī inscription In Omur Harmansah article (2012) (embedded for ready reference), a number of images are presented and discusssed in the context of analysing 'temples'. These images are reinterpreted in this monograph as Indus Script hypertexts of metalwork. What is the language spoken by the artisans, the artists, creators of these images? What meanings of messages do they seek to signify?
Ancient Near East Indus Script metalwork catalogues 1.Tablet of Shamash, 2.Sit Shamshi bronze, 3.Susa Ritual Basin, 4.Napirisha stele
Srini Kalyanaraman
Stone tablet BM or ME 90922, published as BBSt XXVIII. Sun-divinity, Shamash,its canopy, a human-headed snake divinity, supported on a date-palm column; bottom register of Apsû waters, punctuated by stars; celestial bodies, sun, moon, and Venus, throne as the gate of sunrise with doors held apart by two bison men. Inscription reads: mdNábû-ápla-iddinana[i 2] or mdNábû-apla-íddina,[i 3] = ca. 888 – 855 BCE, 6th king of the dynasty of E of Babylon, contemporary of Aššur-nāṣir-apli II. The tablet portrays him being led by Nabû-nadin-shum, the priest and descendant of Ekur-šum-ušabši, and the goddess Aa, facing the seated Šamaš. "The inscription celebrates Nabû-apla-id I suggest that the four artefacts: Tablet of Shamash of Nábû-apla-íddina; Sit Shamshi bronze; Susa Ritual basin; and Napirisha stele are celebrations of one thme: Bronze Age smithy, consistent with the Meluhha cultural idiom. Hieroglyph: kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Kota). 1. Hieroglyphs of Tablet of shamash mēḍha 'polar' star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda) meD 'copper' (Slavic languages) arka 'sun' rebus: arka, eraka 'copper, moltencast' kuThari 'crucible' Rebus: kuThari 'storekeeper, treasury' . Rebus: kuThAru 'armourer' barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'. The expression 'Bhāratam Janam' in RV 3.53.12 has been interpreted as 'metalcaster folk' http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/itihasa-of-bharatam-janam-traced-from.html 2. Hieroglyphs of Sit Shamshi bronze Six hollows for offerings in front of the ziggurat. baTa 'six' Rebus: baTa 'furnace'. Also, षष् 'six' ष़डशीतिः 'passages of the sun'. षष् num. a. (used in pl., nom. षट्; gen. षण्णाम्) Six; तेषां त्ववयवान् सूक्ष्मान् षण्णामप्यमितौजसाम् Ms.1.16;8.43. अशीतिः f. (-ष़डशीतिः) 1 eighty-six. kāmokarsheet manyurakārsheet namo namah is the japam. kandarishi tarpanam is a veneration of seeking blessings from the rishis and ancestors who are he authors of the kandas of the Veda and protectors of dharma tradition. करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] m The arrangement of bars or embossed lines (plain or fretted with little knobs) raised upon a तारof gold by pressing and driving it upon the अवटी or grooved stamp. Such तार is used for the ornament बुगडी, for the hilt of aपट्टा or other sword &c. Applied also to any similar barform or line-form arrangement (pectination) whether embossed or indented; as the edging of a rupee &c. The embossed lines of 4+4 (8) balls flank the ziggurat on Sit Shamshi bronze Sivalinga Harappa compares with sivalinga, linga stambhas on Sit Shamshi bronze model. Linga worship relief. Bhutesvara, Mathura. 1st cent. BCE (Fig. 5.1) Ekamukha linga. Udayagiri caves. Vidisa. Cave 4. Ekamukha linga Uttar Pradesh, Mathura, India, Asia 1st century CE Sandstone 30 3/4 x 7 x 8 1/2 inches (78.1 x 17.8 x 21.6 cm). Philadelphia Museum of Art Sivalinga, linga stambhas atop a smelter and tree kuTi in background, rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. kharva 'dwarf' Rebus: kharva 'nidhi of Kubera' karba 'iron'. Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE (Fig. 6.2). This is the most emphatic representation of linga as a pillar of fire. The pillar is embedded within a brick-kiln with an angular roof and is ligatured to a tree. Hieroglyph: kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. In this composition, the artists is depicting the smelter used for smelting to create mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) of mēḍha 'stake' rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). मेड (p. 662) [ mēḍa ] f (Usually मेढ q. v.) मेडका m A stake, esp. as bifurcated. मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] f A forked stake. Used as a post. Hence a short post generally whether forked or not. मेढा (p. 665) [ mēḍhā ] m A stake, esp. as forked. 2 A dense arrangement of stakes, a palisade, a paling. मेढी (p. 665) [ mēḍhī ] f (Dim. of मेढ) A small bifurcated stake: also a small stake, with or without furcation, used as a post to support a cross piece. मेढ्या (p. 665) [ mēḍhyā ] a (मेढ Stake or post.) A term for a person considered as the pillar, prop, or support (of a household, army, or other body), the staff or stay. मेढेजोशी (p. 665) [ mēḍhējōśī ] m A stake-जोशी; a जोशी who keeps account of the तिथि &c., by driving stakes into the ground: also a class, or an individual of it, of fortune-tellers, diviners, presagers, seasonannouncers, almanack-makers &c. They are Shúdras and followers of the मेढेमत q. v. 2 Jocosely. The hereditary or settled (quasi fixed as a stake) जोशी of a village.मेंधला (p. 665) [ mēndhalā ] m In architecture. A common term for the two upper arms of a double चौकठ (door-frame) connecting the two. Called also मेंढरी & घोडा. It answers to छिली the name of the two lower arms or connections. (Marathi) मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda) http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/10/susa-sit-shamshi-sunrise-is-vedic.html Susa Sit Shamshi 'sunrise' is Vedic काण्डर्षि.tarpaṇam, purification by water & the Sun, veneration of ancestors 3. Hieroglyphs of Susa Ritual Basin The hieroglyph components of the Susa Ritual Basin hieroglyph-multiplex, the centre-piece (together with goat-fish hieroglyph-multiplex) of Susa ritual basin are: mollusc, goat (kid), reed, spathe (palm, sprout) Mollusc śāṅkhika ʻ relating to a shell ʼ W. 2. *śāṅkhinī -- (śaṅkhinī -- f. ʻ mother -- of -- pearl ʼ Bālar.). [śaṅkhá -- 1]1. K. hāngi ʻ snail ʼ; B. sã̄khī ʻ possessing or made of shells ʼ.2. K. hö̃giñ f. ʻ pearl oyster shell, shell of any aquatic mollusc ʼ.(CDIAL 12380) Rebus: sangha 'community': saṁghá m. ʻ association, a community ʼ Mn. [√han1] Pa. saṅgha -- m. ʻ assembly, the priesthood ʼ(CDIAL 12854). Goat, kid करडूं or करडें [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy'. aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) Thus the hieroglyph-multiplex of goat-kid-fish reads: aya करडें 'fish kid' Rebus: ayaskaraḍā 'metal alloy' (comparable to ayaskANda mentioned by Panini for excellent metal implements. khaNDa 'implements' (Santali) Reed Reeds on Susa ritual basin. Compare with the reed posts PLUS scarves of Warka vase eruvai 'reed' + dhatu 'scarf' + dula 'pair' Rebus: eruvai 'copper' + dhatu 'mineral' + dul 'cast metal'. Hieroglyph: eruvai 'European reed' European bamboo reed. See கொறுக்கச்சி. (குறிஞ்சிப். 68, உரை.) Species of Cyperus. See பஞ்சாய்க்கோரை. எருவை செருவிளை மணிப்பூங் கருவிளை (குறிஞ்சிப். 68). Straight sedge tuber; கோரைக்கிழங்கு. மட் பனை யெருவைதொட்டி (தைலவ. தைல. 94). Rebus: eruva 'copper' எருவை eruvai Copper; செம்பு. எருவை யுருக்கினா லன்ன குருதி (கம்பரா. கும்பக. 248). Spathe (palm) Hieroglyph: गाभा (p. 233) [ gābhā ] m (गर्भ S) The heart, core, pith, interior substance (of wood, stalks, roots &c.) 2 The spadix or fruit-receptacle (of the Palm or Plantain) whilst yet unevolved. 3 The crop or bush (of a Palm). Dagoba is the Sinhalese name for the Buddhist Stupa, a mound-like structure with relics, used by Buddhist monks to meditate. This is a compound comprising: dhatu + garbha 'mineral core' 'containing dhatu, mineral'. dhAtugarbha m. (with Buddh.) receptacle for ashes or relics , a Dagaba or Dagoba (Sinhalese corruption of Pali Dhatu-gabbha) MWB. xxxv {-kumbha} m. a relic-urn Hcar. http://www.sumscorp.com/new_models_of_culture/terms/?object_id=150959 4. Hieroglyphs of Napirisha stele tamar 'palm tree, date palm' (Hebrew) Rebus: tAm(b)ra 'copper' (Pali. Samskritam) kulA 'hood of serpent' Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith', kol 'working in iron', kolhe 'smelters', kolimi 'smithy, forge' Hieroglyph: overflowing pot: lo 'overflowing' PLUS kand 'pot' Rebus: lōkhaṇḍa लोहोलोखंड 'copper tools, pots and pans' (Marathi) N. lokhar ʻ bag in which a barber keeps his tools ʼ; H. lokhar m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; -- X lauhabhāṇḍa -- : Ku. lokhaṛ ʻ iron tools ʼ; H. lokhaṇḍ m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G. lokhãḍ n. ʻ tools, iron, ironware ʼ; M. lokhãḍ n. ʻ iron ʼ (LM 400 < -- khaṇḍa -- )(CDIAL 11171)
Srini Kalyanaraman
3rd millennium BCE Bhāratīya & Ancient Near East (ANE) iconography of 'master of animals' is proclamation of metalwork wealth 3rd millennium BCE Bhāratīya & Ancient Near East (ANE) iconography of 'master of animals' is proclamation of metalwork wealth; focus on iconography of contest between ahriman hypertext as ari, 'lion' and khōṇḍa hypertext as young bull, bos aurochs indicus. Vivid, recurring imageries of zebu, hawk, serpents, cobrahood, scorpion and other hieroglyphs are all related to wealth-creating metalwork activities as detailed in the Meluhha rebus readings of Bhāratīya sprachbund lexus entries. पोळ pōḷa 'bos indicus, zebu, bull dedicated to the divinities, allowed to roam free' Rebus:. पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite (a ferrite ore)'. śyēná m. ʻ hawk, falcon, eagle ʼ RV. Pa. sēna -- , °aka -- m. ʻ hawk ʼ, Pk. sēṇa -- m.; WPah.bhad. śeṇ ʻ kite ʼ; A. xen ʻ falcon, hawk ʼ, Or. seṇā, H. sen, sẽ m., M. śen m., śenī f. (< MIA. *senna -- ); Si. sen ʻ falcon, eagle, kite ʼ.(CDIAL 12674) Rebus: sena 'thunderbolt' (Sinhala) అరడా araḍā. [Tel.] n. The brass or gold mouth of a scabbard. A particular kind of neck jewel. Also, the lion's heads at the ends of the pole of Hindu marriage palankeen. కర్నాటకపల్లకీ బొంగుకొనుకువేసే సింహలలాటములు. (Telugu) ஆளரி āḷ-ari , n. < id. +. 1. Lion; ஆண் சிங்கம். (பிங்.) 2. Viṣṇu in his incarnation man-lion; நரசிங்கமூர்த்தி. (திருக்கோ. 225, உரை.)அரி ari Lion; சிங்கம். (பிங்.) 21. Leo of the Zodiac; சிங்க ராசி. (சூடா.) அரிமுகவம்பி ari-muka-v-ampi , n. < hari +. Canoe with a lion figure-head; சிங்கமுக வோடம். அரிமுக வம்பியும்... இயக்கும்பெருந் துறை (சிலப். 13, 177).அரியணை ari-y-aṇaiஅரியமான் ariyamāṉ , n. < Aryaman. Chief of the manes; பிதிரர்தலைவன். தென்புலத் தோரி னிச்சையுறு மரியமான் (கூர்மபு. விபூதி. 10). அரியல் ariyal , n. < hari *அரியேறு ari-y-ēṟu n. < id. +. Male lion; ஆண்சிங்கம். அரியே றேந்து மாசனம் (பாரத. கிருட். 76). Some hieroglyphs which recur on Ancient Near seals and their Meluhha rebus readings are: bull-man, bull ḍangar 'bull' read rebus ḍhangar 'blacksmith'; ṭagara 'ram' Rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) ṭhakkura, ‘idol’, ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ, ṭhākur m. ʻmaster’.ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’. tiger kol 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' youngbull:खोंड (p. 216) [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf; खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl (Marathi. Molesworth); kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda) Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’(Bengali) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (G.) ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or.kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. Kū̃d ’ lathe’) (CDIAL 3295) Rebus: kundaṇa pure gold (Tulu.Kannada) kunda 'nidhi of Kubera'. lion arye 'lion' āra 'brass' aquatic bird karaḍa ‘aquatic bird, duck’ Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' eagle eraka 'eagle' Rebus: erako 'moltencast copper water buffalo bull rāngo (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali). raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ. (CDIAL 10562) *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ] B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567) six hair-curls āra 'six curls' Rebus: āra 'brass' face mũh ‘face’ Rebus: mũh ‘ingot’. tāmarasa 'lotus' (Pkt) Rebus: tāmra 'copper' (Skt.) ताम्र mf(आ)n. ( √ तम् Un2. ) of a coppery red colour VS. xvi ( Naigh. iii , 7) MBh. &c (ताम्रा त्वच् , the 4th of the 7 membranes with which an embryo is covered Sus3r. iii , 4 , 2)n. copper Kaus3. Mn. &cn. a coppery receptacle MBh. ii , 61 , 29 stag karuman 'stag' karmara 'artisan' antelope melh 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' calf khoṇḍ 'young bull-calf' Rebus khuṇḍ '(metal) turner'. scorpion bica ‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Rebus: bica ‘stone ore’ stalk daṭhi, daṭi 'stalks of certain plants' Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral.kāṇḍa काण्डः m. the stalk or stem of a reed. Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. twig kūdī ‘twig’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’ fish ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayo, ayas 'metal'. overflowing pot lo ‘pot to overflow’ kāṇḍa ‘water’. Rebus: लोखंड lokhaṇḍ Iron tools, vessels, or articles in general. spear మేడెము [ mēḍemu ] or మేడియము mēḍemu. [Tel.] n. A spear or dagger. Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’. ring, bracelet kaḍum a bracelet, a ring (G.) Rebus: kaḍiyo [Hem. Des. kaḍaio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayer; a mason; star मेढ [ mēḍha ] The polar star (Marathi). [cf.The eight-pointed star Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.) safflower karaḍa -- m. ʻsafflowerʼ Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) twig kūdī ‘twig’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’ frond (of palm), palm tamar, ‘palm tree, date palm’ Rebus: tam(b)ra, ‘copper’ (Prakrit) tree kuṭhāru 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhāru ‘armourer or weapons maker’(metal-worker) ram, ibex, markhor 1. ram मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] m (मेष S through H) A male sheep, a ram or tup.(Marathi) meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.) goat melh 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' knot (twist) meḍ, ‘knot, Rebus: 'iron’ reed, scarf dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (WPah.) (CDIAL 6707) Rebus: dhatu ‘minerals’ (Santali); dhātu ‘mineral’ (Pali) kāṇḍa काण्डः m. stem of a reed. Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ mountain डोंगर [ ḍōṅgara ] m A hill. डोंगरकणगर or डोंगरकंगर [ ḍōṅgarakaṇagara or ḍōṅgarakaṅgara ] m (डोंगर & कणगर form of redup.) Hill and mountain; hills comprehensively or indefinitely. डोंगरकोळी [ ḍōṅgarakōḷī ] m A caste of hill people or an individual of it. (Marathi) ḍāngā = hill, dry upland (B.); ḍã̄g mountain-ridge (H.)(CDIAL 5476). Rebus: dhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili) dhokra 'cire perdue metallurgist' wing eraka 'wing' eṟaka, ṟekka, rekka, neṟaka, neṟi ‘wing’ (Telugu)(DEDR 2591). Rebus: erako 'moltencast copper'. snake nāga 'snake' nāga 'lead' frame of building sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ (M.)(CDIAL 12859) Rebus: sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस्), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage (Kashmiri) jangaḍ 'entrustment note' (Gujarati) monkey kuṭhāru = a monkey (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru ‘armourer or weapons maker’(metal-worker), also an inscriber or writer. kick kolsa 'to kick' Rebus: kol working in iron, blacksmith foot . khuṭo ʻ leg, foot ʼ Rebus: khũṭ ‘community, guild’ (Santali) copulation (mating) kamḍa, khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali) Rebus: kampaṭṭa ‘mint, coiner’ adultery ṛanku, ranku = fornication, adultery (Telugu) ranku 'tin'. Zebu figurine. Binjor. ca. 2500 BCE (A seal with Indus Script inscription was also found). Binjor. Seal. ca.2500 BCE Rolled out photograph of a cylindrical chlorite vessel with heroes and animals. Cat. no. 227 Metmuseum. Ht. 11.4 cm. Dia. 17.8 cm. Mesopotamia. Mid 3rd millennium BCE. Scorpions with striated bodies,zebus with patterned (or inlaid) humps and frontal horns, swooping vulture with herringbone and hatched designs that indicate feathers, palm tree below the attacking lion, cobra-hoods, water spouting out of jars, lotus, (safflower?) Plate 1. Cups; boxes.Plate I. Cups: a-b (h 14.5 cm ; diam 11.5 cm); c (h 17.5 cm; diam 12.2 cm); d (h 14.7 cm; diam 10.7 cm); e (h 16 cm; diam 12.3 cm). Cylindrical boxes: f (h 6.5 cm); g (h 10.5 cm; diam 16.5 cm); h (h 7.4 cm; diam 11 cm). Plate 2. High tronconical vessels; “handbags” Plate II. High tronconical vessels: a (h 14.6 cm); b (h 16 cm); c (h 27.8 cm); d (h 17.5 cm); e (h 19.7 cm). “Handbags”: f-g (w 24 cm, thks 4.8 cm); h (w 19.5 cm; h 19.4 cm, thks 4 cm); j (w 28 cm ; h 25 cm, thks 3 cm); k (w 18.5, h 18.3 cm, thks 3.2). Plate 3. "Gameboards.” Plate III. "Gameboards”: a : eagle (l 41 cm); b: eagle (l 35 cm); c: scorpion (l 28 cm); d: table on legs (l 35 cm); e: scorpion-man (27 cm). Plate 4. Various objects.Plate IV. Various: miniature vessels a-b: tronconical vessels, single-horned zebu (h 8.2 cm); c : buckles (h 9.3 cm); d: scorpions (h 7 cm); e: bricks and chevrons (h 5.7 cm); f: cylindrical boxes, zebus (h 5.2 cm); g: small gobular jar (h 9.4 cm); h: globular jar with buckles (h 9.4 cm); j: small globular jar with serpents (h 6.9 cm); k: globular jar with rosettes (h 7.5 cm); l: round boxes, buckles (h 6 cm); m: with mat (h 8 cm); n: small cylindrical vessel with scorpion (h 7.5 cm).
Indus Script hypertexts, archaeometallurgy and the meaning of ayas in R̥gveda as 'alloy metal' including ferrous 'iron'.pdf
Srini Kalyanaraman
I suggest that the expression ayas in R̥gveda is a reference to 'alloy metal' rich in iron and relates to early Bronze Age, consistent with the date of R̥gveda of a period earlier than 4th millennium BCE. This word ayas, is comparable to another lexeme med which means 'copper' in Slavic languages, but meḍ refers to iron in Indian languages (Mu.Ho.Santali). In this context, the lexical entries are significant attesting to the early meanings of ayas as 'iron or metal': There is an expression in Mahavamsa, XXV, 28,ayo-kammata-dvara, interpreted as: "iron studded gate ". This could also mean 'entrance (of) iron mint' consistent with the rebus reading of Indus Script hypertexts: ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish'fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint'. I refer to Chapter 6 'Early Iron Age in South Asia' in Vincent C. Pigott, 1999, The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian World, UPenn Museum of Archaeology (pp.153 to 176) in which Gregory Possehl and Praveena Gullapalli provide evidences of archaeologically attested iron artifacts from 3rd millennium BCE. This documentation evidences the working in iron during the Early Bronze Age. A particular reference has to be made to the contributions made by B. Prakash: http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol26_4_1_BPrakash.pdf B. Prakash, 1991, Metallurgy of iron and steel making and blacksmithy in ancient India, IJHS, 26(4), 1991,pp. 351 to 371 https://www.scribd.com/document/358561358/Metallurgy-of-iron-and-steel-making-and-blacksmithy-in-ancient-India-Prakash-1991 http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol44_1_4_BPrakash.pdf B. Prakash, 2008, Religious traditions of ancient iron and steel craftsmen of India and Japan, IJHS, 44.1 (2009, pp. 47 to 71) https://www.scribd.com/document/358561631/Religious-traditions-of-ancient-iron-and-steel-craftsmen-of-India-and-Japan-Prakash-2009. http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol46_3_1_BPrakash.pdf B. Prakash, 2010, Ancient Indian iron and steel: an archaeometallurgical study, IJHS, 46.3, 2011, pp. 381 to 410 https://www.scribd.com/document/358561859/Ancient-Indian-iron-and-steel-an-archaeometallurgical-study-B-Prakash-2010 http://sandhi.hss.iitb.ac.in/Sandhi/Articles/Indian%20Technology/Metallurgy/Iron%20&%20Steel/Prakash%20B/Iron%20making%20in%20Bastar%20District%20-%20Prakash%20(1984).pdf B. Prakash, and K. Igaki, 1984, Ancient iron making in Bastar District, IJHS, 19(2), pp. 172 to 185 https://www.scribd.com/document/358562191/Ancient-iron-making-in-Bastar-Distric5-B-Prakash-and-K-Igaki-1984 Hundreds of inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora attest the hieroglyph: ayo 'fish'. This word has many cognate phonetic variants. Mohenjo-daro Seal m1118 and Kalibangan Seal 032, glyphs used are: Zebu (bos taurus indicus), fish, four-strokes (allograph: arrow).ayo ‘fish’ (Mu.) + kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) gaṆḌa, ‘four’ (Santali); Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’, ‘furnace’), arrow read rebus in mleccha (Meluhhan) as a reference to a guild of artisans working with ayaskāṇḍa ‘excellent quantity of iron’ (Pāṇini) is consistent with the primacy of economic activities which resulted in the invention of a writing system, now referred to as Indus Writing. poLa 'zebu' rebus: poLa 'magnetite, ferrite ore' Allographs काण्डः kāṇḍḥ ण्डम् ṇḍam The portion of a plant from one knot to another. काण्डात्काण्ड- त्प्ररोहन्ती Mahānār.4.3. A stem, stock, branch; लीलोत्खातमृणालकाण्डकवलच्छेदे U.3.16; Amaru.95; Ms. 1.46,48, Māl.3.34. కాండము [ kāṇḍamu ] kānḍamu. [Skt.] n. Water. నీళ్లు (Telugu) kaṇṭhá -- : (b) ʻ water -- channel ʼ: Paš. kaṭāˊ ʻ irrigation channel ʼ, Shum. xãṭṭä. (CDIAL 14349). lokhãḍ ‘overflowing pot’ Rebus: ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ (Gujarati) काण्ड an arrow MBh. xiii , 265 Hit. (Monier-Williams, p. 269) Rebus: काण्ड abundance; a multitude , heap , quantity (ifc.) Pa1n2. 4-2 , 51 Ka1s3. Munda etyma related to ayo, ayu: beḍa hako (ayo) ‘fish’ (Santali); beḍa ‘either of the sides of a hearth’ (G.) Munda: So. ayo `fish'. Go. ayu `fish'. Go <ayu> (Z), <ayu?u> (Z),, <ayu?> (A) {N} ``^fish''. Kh. kaDOG `fish'. Sa. Hako `fish'. Mu. hai (H) ~ haku(N) ~ haikO(M) `fish'. Ho haku `fish'. Bj. hai `fish'. Bh.haku `fish'. KW haiku ~ hakO |Analyzed hai-kO, ha-kO (RDM). Ku. Kaku`fish'.@(V064,M106) Mu. ha-i, haku `fish' (HJP). @(V341) ayu>(Z), <ayu?u> (Z) <ayu?>(A) {N} ``^fish''. #1370. <yO>\\<AyO>(L) {N} ``^fish''. #3612. <kukkulEyO>,,<kukkuli-yO>(LMD) {N} ``prawn''. !Serango dialect. #32612. <sArjAjyO>,,<sArjAj>(D) {N} ``prawn''. #32622. <magur-yO>(ZL) {N} ``a kind of ^fish''. *Or.<>. #32632. <ur+GOl-Da-yO>(LL) {N} ``a kind of ^fish''. #32642.<bal.bal-yO>(DL) {N} ``smoked fish''. #15163.
